difference between C and C++

1. INTRODUCTION
C proved very useful in running applications coded in assembly language because of its strengths like a simple compiler, lower access levels of memory, lower run time support and an efficient constructing language that was in sync with the hardware instructions. Another of its credits is that it is a highly portable (compatible with a variety of OS & Platforms) with very minimal source code changes required. Thus it has enabled remote operations & independence from the hardware. C is also compliant to a variety of standards, making it work with everything.

C++ is known as a mid-level language. Due to the fact that the C++ comprises of both high-level and low-level language features. Some of the adjectives used to describe C++ are static typed, free-form, multi-paradigm and supporting procedural programming.

2. Characteristics
C
Some of the important characteristics of C are as follows:

1. Structured programming facilities
2. Confirming to the ALGOL traditions
3. Short circuit evaluation – usage of only one operand if the result can be determined with it alone
4. Static typing system for avoiding unintended operations
5. Value passed parameters with relevance to pointer value passing
6. Heterogeneous data combination & manipulation
7. Reserved keywords and free-format source text
8. Larger number of compound operators, such as +=, ++
9. Huge variable hiding capacity, though function definitions being non-nestable
10. Character – integer usage similar to assembly language
11. Low-level access to computer memory via machine addresses and typed pointers
12. Function pointers allow rudimentary forms of closures & polymorphic runtime
13. Pointer arithmetic defined Array indexing (secondary notion)
14. Standardized processor for defining macros, including source code files & conditional compilations
15. Complex Input/Output and mathematical functions with consistent delegation to library routines
16. Syntax same as “B” (C’s predecessor) but different from ALGOL e.g.: { ... } replaced begin ... end, && and || replaced and & or, which
17. While B used & and | in both meanings, C made them syntactically distinct from the bit-wise operators
18. Similarities to Fortran e.g: the equal- sign for assignment (copying) & two consecutive equal-signs to test for equality (compare to EQ) or the equal-sign in BASIC)

Other unofficial features added with time were:

1. void functions
2. Functions returning struct or union types instead of pointers
3. Assignments enabled for struct data types
4. const qualifier to make an object read-only
5. Enumerated types
6. Creationg of tool to avoid the inherent problems of the language

Soon C became powerful enough to have the UNIX Kernel (written in a assembly language) re-written making it one of the first OS Kernels written in a language apart from the assembly languages.

C++

1. C++ is designed to be a statically typed, general-purpose language that is as efficient and portable as C
2. C++ is designed to directly and comprehensively support multiple programming styles (procedural programming, data abstraction, object-oriented programming, and generic programming)
3. C++ is designed to give the programmer choice, even if this makes it possible for the programmer to choose incorrectly
4. C++ is designed to be as compatible with C as possible, therefore providing a smooth transition from C
5. C++ avoids features that are platform specific or not general purpose
6. C++ does not incur overhead for features that are not used
7. C++ is designed to function without a sophisticated programming environment

Polymorphism, one of the prominent qualities of C++, enablesmany implementations with a single interphase and for objects to act according to circumstances. C++ supports both static (compile-time) and dynamic (run-time) polymorphisms. Compile-time polymorphism does not allow for certain run-time decisions, while run-time polymorphism typically incurs a performance penalty. C++, though considered a superset of C, there exist a few differences causing some valid C codes to be invalid in C++ or to behave differently in C++. Issues like the C++ defining new keywords namely new & class, that are used as identifiers in C. C and C++ codes can be intermixed by declaring any C code that is to be called from/used in C++ with C linkage & by placing it within an extern "C" { /* C code */ } block.

3. Criticisms

Despite its popularity, C has been criticized for having desirable operations being too hard to achieve and undesirable operations being too easy to accidentally invoke thereby involving more programmer skill, experience, effort, and attention to detail than other programming languages for the safe & effective use of the language.

When object-oriented languages became popular, C++ was an extension of C that provided object-oriented capabilities with C++ originally implemented as a preprocessor -- source code was translated into C, and then compiled with a C compiler.

C++ being derived from C, also happens to inherit most of the criticisms leveled against C. But since the language is actually a composition of two different languages, along with the load of huge programs, often end up making the compilation huge and inappropriate in terms of pure size. When this problem is tried to be avoided, by disabling some of the fringe codes, it was again criticized for losing out on several important utilities. The creator of C++ also feels that C++ is justified to be a complex language since the modern day programming requirements have also increased in a huge manner when compared to the yesteryears.

4. Comparison by functions and all

Appeared in:	1972	1985
Designed by:	Dennis Ritchie	Bjarne Stroustrup
Developed by:	Dennis Ritchie & Bell Labs	Bjarne Stroustrup
Typing Discipline:	Static, Weak	Static, Unsafe, Nominative
Major Implementations:	GCC, MSVC, Borland C, Watcom C	GNU Compiler Collection, Microsoft Visual C++, Borland C++ Builder
Paradigms:	Imperative (procedural) systems implementation language	Multi-paradigm
Influenced by:	B (BCPL,CPL), ALGOL 68, Assembly	C, Simula, Ada 83, ALGOL 68, CLU, ML
Influenced:	awk, csh, C++, C#, Objective-C, BitC, D, Concurrent C, Java, JavaScript, Limbo, Perl, PHP	Ada 95, C#, Java, PHP, D, Aikido
OOP(Object Oriented Programming):	No	Yes-polymorphism and inheritance
Speed:	C applications are faster to compile and execute than C++ applications	C++ applications are generally slower at runtime, and are much slower to compile than C programs
Classes:	Uses structures instead, hence more liberty to use internal design elements	Uses classes and objects
Programming-include:	use #include	use #include
Programming-String type:	Cannot use string type but declare it as an arra	Can use string type
Programming-input /output:	scanf for input;printf for output	cout<<>>
Take the C-quiz(50 questions) i made 72% lets see urs.

Interview questions for computer science students

About TCP/IP

What is TCP?

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is the main transport protocol utilized in IP networks.
The TCP protocol exists on the Transport Layer of the OSI Model.
The TCP protocol is a connection-oriented protocol which provides end-to-end reliability.
By connection-oriented, we mean that before two network nodes can communicate using TCP, they must first complete a handshaking protocol to create a connection.
When we say that TCP provides end-to-end reliability, we mean that TCP includes mechanisms for error detection and error correction between the source and the destination.
These properties of TCP are in contrast to UDP, which is connectionless and unreliable.
Higher layer protocols which utilize TCP include HTTP, SMTP, NNTP, FTP, telnet, SSH, and LDAP.

Diagram of the TCP Header

TCP Header Format
-----------------

0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source Port | Destination Port |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sequence Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Acknowledgment Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Data | |U|A|P|R|S|F| |
| Offset| Reserved |R|C|S|S|Y|I| Window |
| | |G|K|H|T|N|N| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Checksum | Urgent Pointer |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Options | Padding |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| data |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

UDP

(User Datagram Protocol) is one of the two main transport protocols utilized in IP networks.
The UDP protocol exists on the Transport Layer of the OSI Model.
The UDP protocol is an unreliable connectionless protocol.
When we say that UDP is unreliable, we mean that UDP does not provide mechanisms for error detection and error correction between the source and the destination. Because of this, UDP utilized bandwidth more efficiently than TCP. Applications which utilize UDP and which require reliable transport must provide their own error detection and correction mechanisms.
By connectionless, we mean that a network node can communicate with another network node using UDP without first negotiating any kind of handshaking or creating a connection. Because of this, UDP is very efficient for protocols that send small amounts of data at irregular intervals.
These properties of UDP are in contrast to TCP, which is connection-oriented and provides end-to-end reliability.
Higher layer protocols which utilize UDP include DNS, BOOTP, DHCP, SNMP, and RADIUS.

Diagram of the UDP Header

UDP Header Format
-----------------

0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Source | Destination |
| Port | Port |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| | |
| Length | Checksum |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| +
| data octets ... +
+-----------------------------------+

What are TCP/IP ports?

TCP and IP are two seperate protocols. IP (Internet Protocol) is a network layer protocol, while TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a transport layer protocol.
Every computer and network device attached to the Internet has at least one IP address. For example, the IP address of this web server is 66.37.153.81.
Then, within each of those IP addresses, each computer and network device will have a number of TCP ports. For example, the web server software on this web server responds on TCP port 80 and the mail server software on the same computer responds on TCP port 25.
In a non-technical sense, you can think of an IP address as the address of an office building and the TCP ports are individual offices within that building.

TCP Ports

TCP ports either originate connections or they receive connections. Any TCP port can originate a connection, and the port numbers for those are not important. TCP ports which receive connections, on the other hand, have to be assigned specific port numbers so that people and applications know where to look for them. For example, DNS answers on TCP port 53 and HTTP answers on TCP port 80.
Port numbers that are statically assigned are known as well known port numbers are are usually below 1,024. To see a list of well known TCP ports, read What port number is XXX on?.

What are the types of network hardware

The label network hardware is generally given to any piece of equipment with the task of moving data.
Common categories of network hardware include:
• Routers
• Switches
• Network Interface Cards

Routers
A router is a network device with interfaces in multiple networks whose task is to copy packets from one network to another.
Routers operate at Layer 3 of the OSI Model, the Network Layer.
A router will utilize one or more routing protocols to create a routing table.
The router will then use the information in its routing table to make intelligent decisions about what packets to copy to which interface.
This process is known as routing.
Routers are available with many interface types, such as Ethernet and DSL. Wireless routers support wireless interfaces, such as 802.11 (Wi-Fi).
Not all routers clearly fall into the category of network hardware. Routing software makes it possible to build a fully functional router out of a normal computer

Switches
A switch is a network device with multiple ports in one network whose task is to copy frames from one port to another.
Switches operate at Layer 2 of the OSI Model, the Data-Link Layer.
A switch stores the MAC Address of every device which is connected to it.
The switch will then evaluate every frame that passes through it. The switch will examine the destination MAC Address in each frame.
Based upon the destination MAC Address, the switch will then decide which port to copy the frame to.
If the switch does not recognize the MAC Address, it will not know which port to copy the frame to. When that happens, the switch will broadcast the frame to all of its ports.
Before switches became available, devices called hubs were used. Hubs were less intelligent netword devices that always copied all frames to all ports. By only copying frames to the destination ports, switches utilize network bandwidth much more effectively than hubs did.
Another piece of network hardware related to the switch is the Bridge. A Bridge is effectively a two-port switch. Because few users need a two-port switch, they are no longer manufactured.

Network Interface Cards
A network interface card is an expansion card which installs into a computer and enables that computer to physically connect to a local area network.
The most common form of network interface card in current use is the Ethernet card. Other types of network interface cards include wireless network interface cards and Token Ring network interface cards.
Other terms for network interface card include network adapter, network card and NIC.
Network interface cards are becoming rare, as most motherboards now include built-in network interfaces.

About OSI Model

OSI Model
The seven layers of the OSI model are:
Layer Name
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical

The easiest way to remember the layers of the OSI model is to use the handy mnemonic "All People Seem To Need Data Processing":
Layer Name Mnemonic
7 Application All6 Presentation People
5 Session Seem
4 Transport To
3 Network Need
2 Data Link Data
1 Physical Processing

The functions of the seven layers of the OSI model are:
Layer Seven of the OSI Model
The Application Layer of the OSI model is responsible for providing end-user services, such as file transfers, electronic messaging, e-mail, virtual terminal access, and network management. This is the layer with which the user interacts.
Layer Six of the OSI Model
The Presentation Layer of the OSI model is responsible for defining the syntax which two network hosts use to communicate. Encryption and compression should be Presentation Layer functions.
Layer Five of the OSI Model
The Session Layer of the OSI model is responsible for establishing process-to-process commnunication between networked hosts.
Layer Four of the OSI Model
The Transport Layer of the OSI model is responsible for delivering messages between networked hosts. The Transport Layer should be responsible for fragmentation and reassembly.
ayer Three of the OSI Model
The Network Layer of the OSI model is responsible for establishing paths for data transfer through the network. Routers operate at the Network Layer.
Layer Two of the OSI Model
The Data Link Layer of the OSI model is responsible for communications between adjacent network nodes. Hubs and switches operate at the Data Link Layer.
Layer One of the OSI Model
The Physical Layer of the OSI model is responsible for bit-level transmission between network nodes. The Physical Layer defines items such as: connector types, cable types, voltages, and pin-outs.

The OSI Model vs. The Real World
The most major difficulty with the OSI model is that is does not map well to the real world!
The OSI was created after many of todays protocols were already in production use. These existing protocols, such as TCP/IP, were designed and built around the needs of real users with real problems to solve. The OSI model was created by academicians for academic purposes.
The OSI model is a very poor standard, but it's the only well-recognized standard we have which describes networked applications.
The easiest way to deal with the OSI model is to map the real-world protocols to the model, as well as they can be mapped.
Layer Name Common Protocols
7 Application SSH, telnet, FTP
6 Presentation HTTP, SMTP, SNMP
5 Session RPC, Named Pipes, NETBIOS
4 Transport TCP, UDP
3 Network IP
2 Data Link Ethernet
1 Physical Cat-5

The difficulty with this approach is that there is no general agreement as to which layer of the OSI model to map any specific protocol. You could argue forever about what OSI model layer SSH maps to.
A much more accurate model of real-world networking is the TCP/IP model:
TCP/IP Model
Application Layer
Transport Layer
Internet Layer
Network Interface Layer
The most significant downside with the TCP/IP model is that if you reference it, fewer people will know what you are talking about!

Interview Questions for computer science students

Questions related to Operating System

# What are the basic functions of an operating system?
# Explain briefly about, processor, assembler, compiler, loader, linker and the functions executed by them.
# What are the difference phases of software development? Explain briefly?
# Differentiate between RAM and ROM?
# What is DRAM? In which form does it store data?
# What is cache memory?
# What is hard disk and what is its purpose?
# Differentiate between Complier and Interpreter?
# What are the different tasks of Lexical analysis?
# What are the different functions of Syntax phase, Scheduler?
# What are the main difference between Micro-Controller and Micro- Processor?
# Describe different job scheduling in operating systems.
# What is a Real-Time System ?
# What is the difference between Hard and Soft real-time systems ?
# What is a mission critical system ?
# What is the important aspect of a real-time system ?
# If two processes which shares same system memory and system clock in a distributed system, What is it called?
# What is the state of the processor, when a process is waiting for some event to occur?
# What do you mean by deadlock?
# Explain the difference between microkernel and macro kernel.
# Give an example of microkernel.
# When would you choose bottom up methodology?
# When would you choose top down methodology?
# Write a small dc shell script to find number of FF in the design.
# Why paging is used ?
# Which is the best page replacement algorithm and Why? How much time is spent usually in each phases and why?
# Difference between Primary storage and secondary storage?
# What is multi tasking, multi programming, multi threading?
# Difference between multi threading and multi tasking?
# Define Demand paging, page faults, replacement algorithms, thrashing,.
# Explain about paged segmentation and segment paging
# While running DOS on a PC, which command would be used to duplicate the entire diskette?

Questions related to DBMS

1. What is normalization? Explain different levels of normalization?
2. What is denormalization and when would you go for it?
3. How do you implement one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many relationships while designing tables?
4. What's the difference between a primary key and a unique key?
5. What are user defined datatypes and when you should go for them?
6. What is bit datatype and what's the information that can be stored inside a bit column?
7. Define candidate key, alternate key, composite key.
8. What are defaults? Is there a column to which a default can't be bound?
9. What are the different types of joins?
10. Explain normalization with examples.
11. What cursor type do you use to retrieve multiple recordsets?
12. Diffrence between a "where" clause and a "having" clause
13. What is the difference between "procedure" and "function"?
14. How will you copy the structure of a table without copying the data?
15. How to find out the database name from SQL*PLUS command prompt?
16. Tadeoffs with having indexes
17. Talk about "Exception Handling" in PL/SQL?
18. What is the diference between "NULL in C" and "NULL in Oracle?"
19. What is Pro*C? What is OCI?
20. Give some examples of Analytical functions.
21. What is the difference between "translate" and "replace"?
22. What is DYNAMIC SQL method 4?
23. How to remove duplicate records from a table?
24. What is the use of ANALYZing the tables?
25. How to run SQL script from a Unix Shell?
26. What is a "transaction"? Why are they necessary?
27. Explain Normalizationa dn Denormalization with examples.
28. When do you get contraint violtaion? What are the types of constraints?
29. How to convert RAW datatype into TEXT?
30. Difference - Primary Key and Aggregate Key
31. How functional dependency is related to database table design?
32. What is a "trigger"?
33. Why can a "group by" or "order by" clause be expensive to process?
34. What are "HINTS"? What is "index covering" of a query?
35. What is a VIEW? How to get script for a view?
36. What are the Large object types suported by Oracle?
37. What is SQL*Loader?
38. Difference between "VARCHAR" and "VARCHAR2" datatypes.
39. What is the difference among "dropping a table", "truncating a table" and "deleting all records" from a table.
40. Difference between "ORACLE" and "MICROSOFT ACCESS" databases.
41. How to create a database link ?
42. What is RAID and what are different types of RAID configurations?
43. What are the steps you will take to improve performance of a poor performing query?
44. What is a deadlock and what is a live lock? How will you go about resolving deadlocks?
45. What are the steps you will take, if you are tasked with securing an SQL Server?
46. What is blocking and how would you troubleshoot it?
47. Explain CREATE DATABASE syntax
48. How to restart SQL Server in single user mode? How to start SQL Server in minimal configuration mode?
49. As a part of your job, what are the DBCC commands that you commonly use for database maintenance?
50. What are statistics, under what circumstances they go out of date, how do you update them?

Questions related to DATA STRUCTURE

1. What is a data structure?
2. What does abstract data type means?
3. Evaluate the following prefix expression " ++ 26 + - 1324" (Similar types can be asked)
4. Convert the following infix expression to post fix notation ((a+2)*(b+4)) -1 (Similar types can be asked)
5. How is it possible to insert different type of elements in stack?
6. Stack can be described as a pointer. Explain.
7. Write a Binary Search program
8. Write programs for Bubble Sort, Quick sort
9. Explain about the types of linked lists
10. How would you sort a linked list?
11. Write the programs for Linked List (Insertion and Deletion) operations
12. What data structure would you mostly likely see in a non recursive implementation of a recursive algorithm?
13. What do you mean by Base case, Recursive case, Binding Time, Run-Time Stack and Tail Recursion?
14. Explain quick sort and merge sort algorithms and derive the time-constraint relation for these.
15. Explain binary searching, Fibinocci search.
16. What is the maximum total number of nodes in a tree that has N levels? Note that the root is level (zero)
17. How many different binary trees and binary search trees can be made from three nodes that contain the key values 1, 2 & 3?
18. A list is ordered from smaller to largest when a sort is called. Which sort would take the longest time to execute?
19. A list is ordered from smaller to largest when a sort is called. Which sort would take the shortest time to execute?
20. When will you sort an array of pointers to list elements, rather than sorting the elements themselves?

Questions related to Computer Architecture-I

1. What is pipelining?

2.What are the five stages in a DLX pipeline?

3.For a pipeline with ‘n’ stages, what’s the ideal throughput? What prevents us from achieving this ideal throughput?

4.What are the different hazards? How do you avoid them?

5.Instead of just 5-8 pipe stages why not have, say, a pipeline with 50 pipe stages?

6.What are Branch Prediction and Branch Target Buffers?

7.How do you handle precise exceptions or interrupts?

8.What is a cache?

9.What’s the difference between Write-Through and Write-Back Caches? Explain advantages and disadvantages of each.

10.Cache Size is 64KB, Block size is 32B and the cache is Two-Way Set Associative. For a 32-bit physical address, give the division between Block Offset, Index and Tag.

11.What is Virtual Memory?

12.What is Cache Coherency?

13.What is MESI?

14.What is a Snooping cache?

15.What are the components in a Microprocessor?

16.What is ACBF(Hex) divided by 16?

17.Convert 65(Hex) to Binary

18.Convert a number to its two’s compliment and back

19.The CPU is busy but you want to stop and do some other task. How do you do it?

20.What is the difference between a MicroProcessor and a MicroController?

Questions related to Computer Architecture-II

1. Explain what is DMA?
2. what is pipelining?
3. what are super scalar machines and vliw machines?
4. what is cache?
5. what is cache coher ency and how is it eliminat ed?
6. what is write back and write through caches?
7. what are dif f er ent pipelining hazar ds and how ar e t hey eliminat ed.
8. what ar e different stages of a pipe?
9. explain more about branch prediction in controlling the control hazards
10. Give examples of data hazards with pseudo codes.
11. Calculating the number of sets given it s way and size in a cache?
12. How is a block found in a cache?
13. scoreboard analysis.
14. What is miss penalty and give your own ideas to eliminate it .
15. How do you improve the cache performance.
16. Different addressing modes.
17. Computer arithmetic with two’ s complements.
18. About hardware and software interrupt s.
19. What is bus contention and how do you eliminate it .
20. What is aliasing?
21. What is the difference between a latch and a flip flop?
22. What is the race around condition? How can it be over come?
23. What is the purpose of cache? How is it used?
24. What are the types of memor y management ?

Questions related to NETWORKING

1. User(s) are complaining of delays when using the network. What would you do?
2. What are some of the problems associated with operating a switched LAN?
3. Name some of the ways of combining TCP/IP traffic and SNA traffic over the same link.
4. What sort of cabling is suitable for Fast Ethernet protocols?
5. What is a Class D IP address?
6. Why do I sometimes lose a server's address when using more than one server?
7. What is Firewall?
8. How do I monitor the activity of sockets?
9. How would I put my socket in non-blocking mode?
10. What are RAW sockets?
11. What is the role of TCP protocol and IP protocol.
12. What is UDP?
13. How can I make my server a daemon?
14. How should I choose a port number for my server?
15. Layers in TCP/IP
16. How can I be sure that a UDP message is received?
17. How to get IP header of a UDP message
18. Writing UDP/SOCK_DGRAM applications
19. How many bytes in an IPX network address?
20. What is the difference between MUTEX and Semaphore?
21. What is priority inversion?
22. Different Solutions to dining philosophers problem.
23. What is a message queue?
24. Questions on Shared Memory.
25. What is DHCP?
26. Working of ping, telnet, gopher.
27. Can I connect two computers to internet using same line ?
28 Q: What is TCP? What's the difference between TCP and UDP?
29 Q: Explain how a TCP connection gets setup and torn down
30 Q: What is HTTP?
31 Q: What is an HTTP Cookie?
32 Q: How many IP addresses are in a /17 (CIDR notation)? What is the subnet mask for a /17 network? What is the broadcast? How many addresses are usable?
33 Q: How do hostnames get translated into IP addresses? How do IP addresses get translated into MAC addresses?
34 Q: How does a traceroute program work?
35 Q: What does "ping" do?
36 Q: Explain the OSI 7 layer model.

Internet & networking related stuffs

1. http://www.whatismyip.com/
u can use this site where abt ip and ip command lines are given or
write ipconfig in command line for ip address
nethelp to know the all commands related to net

2. Getting A 1gb Yahoo China Account

1. Sign for a yahoo ID... you can do this in my.yahoo.com. DO NOT check the automatically create an Email address
2. Clear ALL cookies
3. Activate mail account at cn.mail.yahoo.com
(you get 100Mb storage first *don't worry*), then sign-out
NOTE: FYI, the two boxes in the activation page is lastname and firstname

Upgrading to 1Gb Yahoo China Account
1. Sign-in to Yahoo Messenger, add a contact, sign-out
2. Go back to cn.mail.yahoo.com (all pages would be in Chinese)
3. Click the 1G orange label (graphic) *look at the lower right of the page*
4. Type-in your Yahoo ID and Password *look at the bottom of the page*
5. You'll go to two more Chinese pages (Just click the bottom centered label in the page)
6. Tadah!! Your upgraded to 1Gig and your default is English with Free POP3

There's no pesky graphic or flash ads at the moment... but your email add would be username[at]yahoo.com.cn

I think that's good enough for people without Gmail

3. Peer gurdian

PeerGuardian and PeerGuardian 2 are free and open source programs developed by Phoenix Labs. They are capable of blocking incoming and outgoing connections based on IP blocklists. Their purpose is to help protect the user's privacy from organizations such as the RIAA(Recording Industry Association of America) and MPAA(Motion Picture Association of America) while using file-sharing networks such as FastTrack and BitTorrent. The system is also capable of blocking advertising, spyware, government and educational ranges, depending upon user preferences.
to downlaod this software visit
http://sourceforge.net/projects/peerguardian/

4. make ur yahoo multione without any software

open regedit through run command
then HKEY_CURRENT_USER->>software->>yahooo->>pager->>and the inside it right clik on test and make a d-word valu name it as plural
now double click on it and type 1 as value
now u can use your yahoo as a multi yahoo

5. File Hosting

www.esnips.com
This is file hosting (sharing) site which gives you 5 GB of space to share your stuffs like videos,songs etc. Just sign in there get your account and start sharing.

6. Music Lovers This For You

www.cooltoad.com
At this site you can get each & every song in any language for free. This site gives you free website & file hosting,free e-mail ID and unlimited downloads of songs. Just craete your account and start loving music.

7. know about networking terms and all

http://compnetworking.about.com/od/basicnetworkingconcepts/l/blglossary.htm
through this site u can learn how ip address works and many more just check it

8. for movies,serials etc.

http://chandamamacinemalu.blogspot.com/
n there is a torrent site ,... u might be knowing this
www.h33t.com

9. guys here is two important websites.......

1) www.dnsstuff.com

U can check ur ip address using the command ipconfig in the command prompt, here is another website doing the same.
But this website has an additional feature :
a) u can know the ip address of any website(eg: www.yahoo.com) along with its location and every details of that address.

b) knowing the ip-address u can know the websites name.
Thats called REVERSE DNS i.e by knowing the ip address u can know the hosts
name.


2) www.ip-adress.com
Guys this website also does the same info as above with the difference that, it also
shows where u are exactly on the geographical map.
just check it man it would be more clear to u.

Eg: for www.nettech.in the details are as follows:

Host info:
--------------
Host of the IP: www.nettech.in
Host IP: 202.144.75.66
IP country: India
IP address state:
IP address city:
IP latitude: 20.000000
IP longitude: 77.000000
ISP: SIFY Ltd
Organization: SIFY Ltd

10. a site for regestry editor

http://www.pctools.com/guides/registry/

11. certification course fee like CCNA,CCNP etc.(approx.)

http://www.jodoinstitute.com/fee-structure.htm
here u can get all the information related to the course fee and all

12. send free sms to anywhere in INDIA www.160by2.com